Mešvi Language Guide

This comprehensive resource is designed to help you learn Mešvi, the language of the Mešvi people—a culture with deep traditions, a reverence for their goddess Kušma, and a history shaped by resilience and faith. This guide covers pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, phrases, proper nouns, and cultural context, providing you with the tools to understand and use this rich language.

The guide is structured to be accessible for beginners while offering depth for more advanced learners. It includes grammar, thematically grouped vocabulary, contextual dialogues, a cultural overview, and practice exercises.

Introduction to Mešvi

Mešvi is a living language, spoken in everyday life, religious rituals, and poetic expressions. It reflects the Mešvi people’s identity, shaped by their matriarchal society, their devotion to the goddess Kušma, and their history of resilience. This guide aims to teach you Mešvi as a language tied to its cultural roots, helping you not only to speak but to understand the world of the Mešvi.

Cultural Context: The Mešvi People

To fully appreciate Mešvi, it’s essential to understand the culture from which it springs. This section is an addition to provide context, as you requested:

• History: The Mešvi trace their lineage to ancient Persia but have transformed over millennia. Their story includes periods of exile, religious renewal, and the rise of a matriarchal society. Their language, Mešvi, has evolved significantly, carrying echoes of its past while developing unique features.
• Religion: The Mešvi worship Kušma, a goddess who embodies three aspects: the Virgin (Bâkire, representing purity and beginnings), the Mother (Mâdar, representing nurturing and protection), and the Crone (Pîr, representing wisdom and endings). Religious festivals like Faslgâzar (Season of Atonement) and offerings to Kušma are central to their faith.
• Social Structure: Mešvi society is matriarchal, led by Kehr (chieftains) and Mâtarîb (abbesses). Clans such as Žorba and Aližadeh form the backbone of community life, with Nâzhûr (Sentinels) serving as protectors. Titles like Bânu(Lady) and roles like Mešvîhûrpâzâ (sacred prostitutes) reflect the culture’s complexity.

Pronunciation Guide

Mešvi pronunciation is smooth and flowing, with clear rules for vowels, consonants, and stress. Below are the key sounds and how to say them, using simple explanations and examples.

Vowels: The Heart of Mešvi

Vowels are the “heart” of Mešvi, giving the language its melody. They can be short or long, and some combine into diphthongs.

• Short Vowels:
  • a – Like “a” in “cat” (e.g., Nâzhûr starts with “nah”).
  • e – Like “e” in “bet” (e.g., Lenaja starts with “leh”).
  • i – Like “ee” in “see,” but short (e.g., Šivâra starts with “shee”).
  • o – Like “o” in “core” (without the “r”) (e.g., Gorsang has “gor”).
  • u – Like “u” in “put” (e.g., Kušma starts with “kush”).
• Long Vowels:
  • â – Like “ah” in “father,” held longer (e.g., Sâraka starts with “sah-rah”).
  • î – Like “ee” in “see,” stretched out (e.g., Nifârjûz has “nee-far”).
  • û – Like “oo” in “moon,” stretched out (e.g., Nâzhûr has “nah-ZHOOR”).
• Diphthongs:
  • ûî – “oo-ee” said quickly (e.g., bâshandûî is “bah-shan-doo-ee”).

Consonants: The Bones of Mešvi

Consonants form the “bones” of Mešvi, providing structure to the words.

• Familiar Consonants:
  • b, d, g, k, p, t, f, h, s, v, z – Pronounced as in English (e.g., “bat,” “dog,” “see,” “zoo”).
• Special Consonants:
  • x (kh) – A throaty “ch” like in “loch” (e.g., Kvikhta is “kveekh-tah”).
  • ž – Like “s” in “measure” (e.g., Žorba is “ZHOR-bah”).
  • š – Like “sh” in “shoe” (e.g., Šeib’qi is “shayb-kee”).
• Other Consonants:
  • m, n, l, j, r – Standard English sounds, with r lightly rolled (e.g., Fardasht is “far-dasht”).
• Apostrophes:
  • Indicate a slight pause or “catch” in the throat (e.g., Šeib’qi is “shayb-kee,” not “shay-bkee”).
• Consonant Clusters:
  • Mešvi allows clusters like “sl” or “zg” in one syllable (e.g., Faslgâzar is “fasl-GAH-zar”). Pronounce them smoothly without inserting extra vowels, reflecting the language’s evolved phonotactics.

Stress and Rhythm: Where to Put the Emphasis

• Stress typically falls on the last syllable with a long vowel (â, î, û). If no long vowels are present, it’s on the next-to-last syllable.
  • Example: Faslgâzar – “fasl-GAH-zar” (stress on gâ).
  • Example: Lenaja – “leh-NAH-yah” (no long vowels, stress on “nah”)

Grammar Basics

Mešvi follows a Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) word order, meaning the verb comes at the end of a sentence. Pronouns often attach to verbs, and suffixes modify meaning.

Basic structure: Subject + Object + Verb. Example: Berenj râ mîpazîm – “Rice (object) we cook (verb)” = “We cook the rice.”

Pronouns

Pronouns in Mešvi come in subject, object, and possessive forms, reflecting linguistic evolution from Persian. They are often attached to verbs but can also stand alone.

am (I), îd (you), ad (he/she/it)

îm (we), îdân (you all), ând (they)

Object

marâ (me), torâ (you), ûrâ (him/her/it)

mârâ (us), šomârâ (you all), ûnrâ (them)

Possessive

amî (my), îdî (your), adî (his/her/its)

îmî (our), îdânî (your all’s), ândî (their)

Examples:

• Am kitâb mîkhwânam. – “I read the book.”
• Torâ mîbînam. – “I see you.”
• Kitâbî amî ast. – “It’s my book.”

Verb Conjugations

In Mešvi, verbs are conjugated to reflect tense, subject, and mood. The base form for all tenses is the verb stem, which is the infinitive form of the verb without any tense markers or pronouns. For example, the stem of “to do” is kon, and the stem of “to cook” is paz. This stem serves as the foundation to which prefixes, suffixes, and pronouns are added.

Below is an explanation of how the verb stem is used to form the present, past, and future tenses, as well as the subjunctive mood. Pronouns are attached directly to the verb in all tenses unless otherwise noted.

Tense Formation

• Present Tense:
  • Base Form: Verb stem (e.g., kon)
  • Structure: mî- (prefix) + stem + pronoun
  • Example: mîkonam (“I do”) = mî- + kon + am
• Past Tense:
  • Base Form: Verb stem (e.g., kon)
  • Structure: dā- (prefix) + stem + pronoun
  • Example: dākonam (“I did”) = dā- + kon + am
• Future Tense:
  • Base Form: Verb stem (e.g., kon)
  • Structure: stem + pronoun + -esh (suffix)
  • Example: konamesh (“I will do”) = kon + am + -esh
• Subjunctive Mood:
  • Base Form: Verb stem (e.g., bâsh)
  • Structure: stem + -and (suffix)
  • Example: bâshand (“May be”) = bâsh + -and
  • Note: The subjunctive is used for wishes or possibilities and does not require a pronoun.

Key Points

• The verb stem is the consistent base form across all tenses.
• In the future tense, the pronoun is attached to the stem before the -esh suffix is added (e.g., kon + am + -esh = konamesh).
• Pronouns are always attached to the verb, except in the subjunctive mood, where they are optional.

Examples in Context

• Present Tense: Berenj râ mîpazîm. – “We cook the rice.” (mî- + paz + îm = mîpazîm)
• Past Tense: Gošt râ dāborîd. – “You cut the meat.” (dā- + bor + îd = dāborîd)
• Future Tense: Kitâb râ khwânadesh. – “She will read the book.” (khwân + ad + -esh = khwânadesh)
• Subjunctive Mood: Behîz, Khayr, va Hidâyat rāhnamâ bâshandûî. – “May Virtue, Charity, and Wisdom be the guide of her.” (bâsh + -and = bâshand)

Noun Declensions

• Plural: Add -ân (e.g., Nâzhûrân – “Sentinels”).
• Possession: Add -î (e.g., Nâzhûrî – “Of the Sentinel”).
• Direct Object: Marked with râ (e.g., Berenj râ – “The rice”).

Case System

Mešvi has a simple case system:

• Nominative: For subjects (e.g., Nâzhûr – “The Sentinel”).
• Accusative: For direct objects, marked by râ (e.g., Nâzhûr râ – “The Sentinel” as object).
• Genitive: For possession, marked by -î (e.g., Nâzhûrî – “Of the Sentinel”).

Word Formation

Mešvi allows for the creation of new words using specific suffixes:

• Adjective to Noun: Add -î (e.g., garm “warm” → garmî “warmth”).
• Verb to Noun: Add -esh (e.g., khwânam “I read” → khwânesh “reading”).
• Diminutive: Add -ak (e.g., kitâb “book” → kitâbak “booklet”).
• Agent Noun: Add -gar (e.g., paz “cook” → pazgar “cooker/chef”).

Numbers

Below are the numbers from one to ten, followed by examples of higher numbers.

• 1: yik (from Persian yek, softened “e” to “i”)
• 2: du (from Persian do, simplified)
• 3: si (from Persian se, shortened)
• 4: châr (from Persian chahar, with vowel shift)
• 5: panj (from Persian panj, unchanged core form)
• 6: šeš (from Persian shesh, with sibilant shift)
• 7: haft (from Persian haft, retained with minor drift)
• 8: hašt (from Persian hasht, softened ending)
• 9: nû (from Persian noh, with vowel lengthening)
• 10: da (from Persian dah, reduced form)
• 11: da-yik (ten-one, compound form)
• 12: da-du (ten-two, compound form)
• 20: du-da (two-ten, flipped structure)
• 21: du-da-yik (two-ten-one)
• 100: sad

Forming Larger Numbers: Numbers above ten are formed by combining tens and units with hyphens. For example, 21 is du-da-yik (two-ten-one), and 35 is si-da-panj (three-ten-five). This compounding reflects a practical evolution for clarity in speech.

Time

• Hour: sât
• Minute: daqiq
• Day: rûz
• Night: šab
• Week: hafta
• Month: mâh
• Year: sâl
• Morning: sobh
• Afternoon: ba’dzohr
• Evening: asr
• Today: emrûz
• Tonight: emšab
• Tomorrow: fardâ
• Yesterday: dirûz

Telling Time: To express specific times, use sât followed by the number. For example, “two o’clock” is sât du.

Daily Activities

The following verbs represent common daily activities. Each is given in its infinitive form, followed by its stem (the infinitive minus the -an ending), which is used for conjugations.

• To eat: khoran (stem: khor)
• To sleep: khâban (stem: khâb)
• To work: kâran (stem: kâr)
• To walk: raftan (stem: raft)
• To talk: harfzan (stem: harfz)
• To read: khwânan (stem: khwân)
• To write: neveštan (stem: nevešt)

Verb Conjugation Example (Present Tense): Conjugations use the stem with the present-tense prefix mî- and appropriate pronouns:

• I eat: mîkhoram (mî- + khor + am)
• You (sg.) eat: mîkhorîd (mî- + khor + îd)
• He/She/It eats: mîkhorad (mî- + khor + ad)
• We eat: mîkhorîm (mî- + khor + îm)
• You (pl.) eat: mîkhorîdân (mî- + khor + îdân)
• They eat: mîkhorând (mî- + khor + ând)

Example Sentences

Here are practical examples showing how these words function in Mešvi:

1. “I eat at two o’clock.” Mîkhoram dar sât du. (mîkhoram = I eat, dar = at, sât du = two o’clock)
2. “We will sleep tonight.” Khâbîmesh emšab. (Future tense: khâb + îm (we) + -esh = khâbîmesh, emšab = tonight)
3. “She works in the morning.” Mîkârad dar sobh. (mîkârad = she works, dar = in, sobh = morning)
4. “They walked yesterday.” Dâraftând dirûz. (Past tense: dā- + raft + ând = dâraftând, dirûz = yesterday)

Vocabulary

Food

• âb (water) – AHB
• berenj (rice) – beh-RENJ
• gošt (meat) – GOSHT
• khûn (blood) – KHOON
• nân (bread) – NAHN
• tukhme (seed) – TUKH-meh

Family and People

• barâdar (brother) – ba-RAH-dar
• dastpîrâ (handmaiden) – das-pee-RAH
• dust (friend, alternate) – DOOST
• gholâm (slave) – gho-LAHM
• khâhar (sister) – KHAH-har
• mâdar (mother) – MAH-dar
• pedar (father) – peh-DAR
• yâr (friend) – YAHR

Emotions and States

• behîz (virtue) – beh-HEEZ
• dil (heart) – DEEL
• gham (sorrow) – GHAM
• khoshî (happiness) – kho-SHEE
• marg (death) – MARG
• nifâgh (hypocrisy) – nee-FAHG

Nature

• âftâb (sun) – ahf-TAHB
• âseman (sky) – ah-se-MAN
• garm (warm) – GARM
• mâh (moon) – MAH
• setára (star) – seh-TAH-rah
• yakh (ice) – YAKH

Actions

• borîd (you cut) – bo-REED
• hastam (I am) – HAS-tam
• khwânad (reads) – KHWAH-nad
• mîkonad (does/makes) – mee-KO-nad
• mîpazîm (we cook) – mee-pah-ZEEM
• shavad (becomes) – sha-VAD

People’s Names

• Dariush – dah-ree-OOSH
• Fardasht – far-DASHT
• Fârižân – FAH-ree-zhahn
• Kârveh – KAHR-veh
• Kârvâl – KAHR-vahl
• Khûshîna – KHOO-shee-nah
• Kvikhta – kveekh-TAH
• Lâshara – LAH-sha-rah
• Lâvîna – LAH-vee-nah
• Lenaja – leh-NAH-yah
• Lirâviš – lee-RAH-veesh
• Mîrîza – MEE-ree-zah
• Nâzhîra – NAH-zhee-rah
• Nâzîrâ – nah-ZEE-rah
• Rašav – RAH-shav
• Sâraka – SAH-rah-kah
• Sâvîra – SAH-vee-rah
• Šivâra – shee-VAH-rah
• Talîna – ta-LEE-nah
• Vimka – VEEM-ka
• Zârivân – ZAH-ree-vahn
• Žarîna – zha-REE-nah

Family/Clan Names

• Aližadeh – a-lee-ZHA-deh
• Hâmîstân – HAH-mees-tahn
• Rahlā – rah-LAH
• Rûkhzâd – ROOKH-zahd
• Žorba – ZHOR-bah

Places

• Khayrâbîn – khay-RAH-been
• Pâneh-Gorsang – PAH-neh gor-SAHNG
• Qâsî – KAH-see
• Setârâkûsh – seh-TAH-rah-KOOSH

Titles and Specific Terms

• Ād Bânu – AHD BAH-noo (Great Lady)
• Âkhirîbod – ah-khee-REE-bod (Final Embodiment)
• Bâkire – BAH-kee-reh (Virgin aspect of Kušma)
• Bânu – BAH-noo (Lady or Noblewoman)
• Bânuâi – BAH-noo-ah-ee (My Lady)
• Dilkûr – deel-KOOR (Heart-Killer)
• Fârihkûlân – fah-reekh-KOO-lahn (Great Deceiver, the false god)
• Firqa Nâzhûrânî – FEER-kah nah-ZHOO-rahn-ee (the Order of Sentinels)
• Kehr – KEHR (Matriarchal Chieftain)
• Kehrâi – KEHR-ah-ee (possessive form of Kehr)
• Kehrân – KEHR-ahn (plural form of Kehr)
• Kehrânmejlis – KEHR-ahn-mej-LEES (The Assembly of Chieftains)
• Kušma – KOOSH-mah (Mešvi goddess)
• Mâdar – MAH-dar (Mother aspect of Kušma)
• Mâtarîb – MAH-ta-reeb (Abbess, a female leader of a religious community)
• Mâtarîbâi – MAH-ta-ree-BAH-ee (My Abbess)
• Mâtarîbân – MAH-ta-ree-BAHN (plural form of Mâtarîb)
• Mâtarîbânî – MAH-ta-ree-bah-NEE (of the Abbesses)
• Mâtarîbânîkh – MAH-ta-ree-bah-NEE-kh (First Among Abbesses)
• Mâtikhai – MAH-tee-khai (abbreviated form of address for First Among Abbesses)
• Mešvîhûrpâzâ – mesh-vee-hoor-pah-ZAH (sacred prostitutes of the Mešvi)
• Nâzhûr – nah-ZHOOR (Sentinel, a guardian or protector)
• Nâzhûrai – nah-ZHOO-rai (My Sentinel)
• Nâzhûrân – nah-ZHOO-rahn (plural form of Nâzhûr)
• Nâzhûrânî – nah-zhoo-rahn-EE (of the Sentinels)
• Nâzhûrîzhûr – nah-zhoo-REE-zhoor (Sentinel of Sentinels, Supreme Sentinel)
• Nifârjûz – nee-fahr-JOOZ (Bane of the False God)
• Pîr – PEER (Crone aspect of Kušma)
• Šûrâ Mâtarîbânî – SHOO-rah MAH-ta-ree-BAH-nee (the Council of Abbesses)
• Vârisî – vah-ree-SEE (True Heir)

Everyday Phrases

• Inja hastam to râ komak konam. – “I’m here to help you.”
  • Dialogue:
    • A: Inja hastam to râ komak konam. (I’m here to help you.)
    • B: Tashakkor, dust. (Thank you, friend.)
  • Meaning: A polite offer of assistance.
• Berenj râ mîpazîm. – “We cook the rice.”
  • Dialogue:
    • A: Berenj râ mîpazîm. (We cook the rice.)
    • B: Gošt râ dâborîd. (You cut the meat.)
  • Meaning: Describing shared tasks.
• Bâyad berawîm. – “We need to go.”
  • Dialogue:
    • A: Bâyad berawîm. (We need to go.)
    • B: Alan? (Now?)
    • A: Bale, alan. (Yes, now.)
  • Meaning: Expressing urgency.

Cultural and Religious Phrases

• Nifârjûzî zindâ bâshand! – “Long live the Bane of the False God!”
  • Dialogue:
    • A: Nifârjûzî zindâ bâshand! (Long live the Bane!)
    • B: Bâshand! (May it be!)
  • Meaning: A rallying cry against the false god Fârihkûlân.
• Sâyetâstânam. – “Your shadow blesses my threshold.”
  • Dialogue:
    • A: Sâyetâstânam. (You’re welcome here.)
    • B: Barâkatîrâm. (I’m blessed to be here.)
  • Meaning: A formal welcome, often used when inviting someone into your home.
• Behîz, Khayr, va Hidâyat rāhnamâ bâshandûî. – “May Virtue, Charity, and Wisdom be the guide of her.”
  • Dialogue:
    • A: Behîz, Khayr, va Hidâyat rāhnamâ bâshandûî. (May Virtue, Charity, and Wisdom guide her.)
    • B: Âmîn. (Amen.)
  • Meaning: A blessing or prayer for guidance.
• Niqâbî šab dāborad – The veil of night is torn.
• Îm âftâbî mîâmadûî mîbînîm – We see the light of her coming.

Poetic Expressions

• Khânda bîkhak shavad. – “Laughter becomes ash.”
  • Dialogue:
    • A: Khânda bîkhak shavad. (Laughter becomes ash.)
    • B: Va nijwân garm aknûn yakh borad. (And warm whispers now cut like ice.)
  • Meaning: Expresses the fleeting nature of joy and trust.
• Yâr dustî, doroûd. – “Friend’s love, a lie.”
  • Dialogue:
    • A: Yâr dustî, doroûd. (Friend’s love, a lie.)
    • B: Dilam šekast. (My heart is broken.)
  • Meaning: A lament about betrayal.

Mešvi Language Practice Exercises

Here are practice exercises designed to help you learn the Mešvi language. These activities are tailored for beginners and cover vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation, and cultural context. They include a variety of question types—matching, translation, dialogue completion, pronunciation practice, and reflection—to provide a well-rounded learning experience.

1. Sentence Translation

Instructions: Translate the following English sentences into Mešvi. Use basic grammar rules and vocabulary you’ve learned.

1. English: I am here. Mešvi: ____________________
2. English: We cook the meat. Mešvi: ____________________
3. English: She will read the book. Mešvi: ____________________
4. English: They are my friends. Mešvi: ____________________
5. English: You (singular) did it. Mešvi: ____________________

3. Dialogue Completion

Instructions: Fill in the blanks in the following dialogue with appropriate Mešvi phrases or sentences.

Dialogue: A: ____________________ (Hello, how are you?) B: Khosh hastam, tashakkor. (I am well, thank you.) A: ____________________ (What is your name?) B: Nâmam Samaritan Lenaja ast. (My name is Lenaja.) A: ____________________ (Nice to meet you.) B: Hamchenîn. (Likewise.)

4. Pronunciation Practice

Instructions: Transcribe the following Mešvi words into phonetic spelling to show how they should be pronounced. Use a simple system (e.g., “nah-ZHOOR” for Nâzhûr) based on standard English sounds.

1. Mešvi Word: Nâzhûr Phonetic Transcription: ____________________
2. Mešvi Word: Faslgâzar Phonetic Transcription: ____________________
3. Mešvi Word: Kušma Phonetic Transcription: ____________________
4. Mešvi Word: Šivâra Phonetic Transcription: ____________________

5. Cultural Context Reflection

Instructions: Answer the following questions in 1-2 sentences based on Mešvi cultural context.

1. Question: What is the significance of the phrase Sâyetâstânam in Mešvi culture? Answer:____________________
2. Question: Why is the title Nâzhûr important in Mešvi society? Answer: ____________________

Answer Key

To check your work, here are the correct answers for each exercise.

1. Vocabulary Matching

1-c (âb = water), 2-b (berenj = rice), 3-a (mâdar = mother), 4-d (khoshî = happiness), 5-e (yâr = friend), 6-f (gošt = meat), 7-g (garm = warm), 8-h (setára = star)

2. Sentence Translation

1. Inja hastam. (I am here.)
2. Gošt râ mîpazîm. (We cook the meat.)
3. Kitâb râ mîkhwânadesh. (She will read the book.)
4. Ând yârân amî hastand. (They are my friends.)
5. Dākonîd. (You did it.)

2. Dialogue Completion

A: Salâm, chîtor hastîd? (Hello, how are you?) A: Nâmat chî ast? (What is your name?) A: Khosh bakhtam. (Nice to meet you.)

3. Pronunciation Practice

1. nah-ZHOOR (Nâzhûr)
2. fasl-GAH-zar (Faslgâzar)
3. KOOSH-mah (Kušma)
4. shee-VAH-rah (Šivâra)

4. Cultural Context Reflection

1. Sâyetâstânam means “Your shadow blesses my threshold” and is a formal greeting to welcome someone into a home, showing the Mešvi value of hospitality.
2. Nâzhûr means “Sentinel” and refers to protectors of the Mešvi people, emphasizing the cultural importance of guardianship and resilience.

These exercises will help you practice the Mešvi language and deepen your understanding of its culture. Enjoy learning!

Mešvi Dictionary

Nouns

• âb – water
• âftâb – sun
• âkhirân – ends (plural)
• afi – viper
• Âstânam – my threshold
• âsemán – sky (alternate form: ásemáyn – firmament/sky)
• Ašb – horse (game piece in Šatrânj)
• Âvâzkhamûsh – still voice
• bagh – garden
• Barâkat – blessing
• barâdar – brother
• bâzargân – merchant
• behîz – virtue
• berenj – rice
• bîhân – means
• bîkhak – ash
• daqiq – minute
• darmân – remedy
• dastpîrâ – handmaiden
• dil – heart
• dirûz – yesterday
• dîv – demon
• doroûd – lie
• dorr-e-garânî – pearl of great price
• dushmanân – enemies (plural; singular: dushman)
• dust – friend (alternate form)
• dustî – love
• emrûz – today
• emšab – tonight
• fardâ – tomorrow
• Faslgâzar – Season of Atonement
• gham – sorrow
• gholâm – slave
• gošt – meat
• gûshânî – female genitalia (vulgar)
• haft – seven
• haqtqat – truth
• hašt – eight
• hekmât – wisdom
• Hidâyat – wisdom
• honâr – art
• hûr – sacred
• jân – soul
• jangâvar – warrior
• Kalam – words or speech
• Kānizā – nursemaid of the queen
• kard – knife
• khâhar – sister
• khâk – dirt
• khânda – laughter
• khânemâ – my dwelling/tent
• Khayr – charity
• khidmat – service
• khoshî – happiness
• khûn – blood
• kitâb – book
• mâdar – mother
• mâh – moon
• marg – death
• me’šar – evil
• mešvî – of the Mešvi
• miyân – middle/among
• nân – bread
• Nâzîr – faith
• nifâgh – hypocrisy (alternate form: nifâq)
• nijwân – whisper
• niqâb – mask
• nû – nine
• panj – five
• Pâvâl – walking-husband (plural: Pâvâlân)
• pedar – father
• Pilāyāh – elephant (game piece in Šatrânj)
• Piyâdeh – pawn or infantry (game piece; plural: Piyâdân)
• posht – back
• Qošq – card game evolved from Poker
• rûz – day
• Rûkh – chariot (game piece in Šatrânj)
• sâl – year
• sar – head
• sarkûb – oppression
• sât – hour
• setára – star
• Šâh – king or monarch (game piece in Šatrânj)
• šab – night
• shâl – honeyed (often used as noun in context, e.g., honeyed tongue)
• Šatrânj – ancient game descended from Chess
• Šeib’qi – holy war (pursuit of a sinless life; Ād Šeib’qi – final great holy war)
• Šilgizā – shield/guardian of the queen
• shujâat – bravery
• si – three
• sîfra – table
• sînâ-Kušmî – Kušma’s bosom
• sobh – morning
• sokût – silence or peace
• tukhme – seed
• yakh – ice
• yâr – friend
• yik – one
• zakhma – wound
• Zamânî – when
• Zanîrî – chain
• zarfbiâb – waterless vessel
• zindâ – long live (longevity)
• zubân – language

Verbs (Stems)

• âmad – come
• band – bind
• bâsh – be (subjunctive)
• bavâr – believe (used in compound “bavâr yâd”)
• bâzây – return
• bîn – see
• bor – cut
• bud – be at (from “budanî”)
• dâm – grant
• dân – know
• dar – give (from “mîdârad”)
• darâz – keep
• farâmand – command
• furoûd – swallow
• hast – be
• jûy – seek
• khâb – sleep
• khor – eat
• khward – eat (alternate form)
• kof – speak
• kon – do/make/serve
• kâr – work
• nevešt – write
• paz – cook
• pazîr – accept
• pûr – fill (used in compound “pûr kon”)
• pûshâd – wear
• rad – reject (used in “rad konand”)
• raft – go/walk
• raw – go
• râhnamâ – guide (used in “râhnamâ kon”)
• rîz – bleed
• sâz – forge/make
• shav – become/go away
• tâvân – can
• yâd – believe (in “bavâr yâd”)
• zad – inflict
• zâdûd – reborn
• zan – beckon

Adjectives

• bozorgtar – greater (comparative: bozorgtarî – mightiest)
• fârih – liar or deceiver
• garm – warm
• gharûr – prideful
• kûr – blind
• nāzāndān – nursemaid (used adjectivally in context)
• qûčeq – small
• râstî – true (superlative: rûstín – truest)
• shâl – honeyed
• yakh – ice (used adjectivally in context, e.g., “cuts like ice”)
• žofhu – outsider/infidel

Pronouns

• Subject:
  • am – I
  • îd – you (singular)
  • ad – he/she/it
  • îm – we
  • îdân – you (plural)
  • ând – they
• Object:
  • marâ – me
  • torâ – you (singular)
  • ûrâ – him/her/it
  • mârâ – us
  • šomârâ – you all
  • ûnrâ – them
• Possessive:
  • amî – my
  • îdî – your (singular)
  • adî – his/her/its
  • îmî – our
  • îdânî – your (plural)
  • ândî – their

Prepositions/Particles

• âhî – if it is not
• alan – now
• âst – is
• âyâ – is it not?
• az – from
• bâ – with
• be – to/with
• chûn – how
• da – in
• dar – in
• emâm – let us
• fawran – immediately
• hamâ – even
• hamchûn – as/like
• ke – that/when
• kî – who
• lîkîn – but
• nîst – is not
• pas – then
• râ – direct object marker
• u – and
• va – and
• yâ – or
• zor – among

Suffixes

• -â – with/association
• -ai – form of address
• -ân – plural marker
• -ânam – my (plural possessive)
• -and – optative/subjunctive mood marker
• -ând – they are (plural verb suffix)
• -î – possession or attribution
• -îrâm – I am (in blessings)
• -ûh – he
• -ûî – her